STATISTICAL ENSEMBLES

ENSEMBLES : 
                          Ensembles is defined as the collection of large number of macroscopically identical but independent system. 
Here the term "macroscopic identical" means that each of the system constituting ensembles must satisfies the same macroscopic condition such as volume, pressure,energy,temperature of total number of particles.
 The term "independent system"means that the system are mutually non-interacting.

TYPE OF ENSEMBLES :
                                            1. The microcanonical ensembles 
                                            2. The canonical ensembles
                                            3. The grand canonical ensembles
1. MICRO CANONICAL ENSEMBLES : 

                                                                       It is defined as a collection of essentially independent system having the same energy E,volume V and number of particles N. All the individuals system of a microcanonical ensembles are separated by well insulated rigid walls. The values of V,E,and N for a particular system should not be affected at all by the presence of other system.Hence, energy and number of particles of system are constant.www.taakeducation.blogspot.com  

POSTULATES OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS

STATISTICAL PHYSICS IS BASED ON FOLLOWING POSTULATES :

1. Any gas is considered to be made up of molecules which are in continuous random motion         and these molecules behave like elastic spheres of extremely small size.
2. In phase space, all the cells are of small size.
3. In a macrostate, all accessible microstates are equally probable. This is called the postulate         of  equal a priori probability.
4. The equilibrium  state of a gas corresponds to the macrostate of maximum probability.
5. Total number of molecules in a system always remains constant.
6. Total energy of the system is always constant.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT FOR WINDOWS XP

The minimum hardware requirement for windows XP are :

FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP

Main features of windows XP are : 
1. Graphical user interface
2. 32-bit processing : 
                                   Windows XP offers a 32-bit processing operating system that is optimal for working with the internet.
3. Multitasking : 
                            It enable running multiple programs at a time.
4. Plug and play : 
                             Plug and play features allows automatic detection and configuration of an new hardware installed on the machine.
5. Networking capabilities :
                                              It has full featured networking capabilities.
6. Manage multiple users : 
                                             It can manage multiple users with different privileges on the same computer .
7. Multimedia support : 
                                        The windows media players included in windows XP enables you to play almost every type of multimedia file. It the best software for enjoying music,video and broadband.
8. Windows security center :
                                               Enables users to easily define and manage the security setting for the computer. 
9. File grouping :
                            The intelligent taskbar of windows XP automatically groups multiple windows of same application into one application group on taskbar. 
10. Adaptive user environment : 
                                                      The redesigned start menu displays the most commonly used items first.
11. Enhanced device driver verifier :
                                                             It tests the device drivers and if it passes certain level , it enables it to be installed.
12. Windows firewall : 
                                      Firewall protection saves your computers from virusus.
13. Remote desktop : 
                                   Remote desktop enables a user to work on the desktop of his office computer  while sitting on some other computer, through network.
14. Disk manager utility : 
                                           This features enables you to partition and format disks.
15. Disk compression utility :
                                                 This features relocates the contents of the disk to create free areas on disks and thereby reducing the memory wastage.
16. Disk compression utility : 
                                                 This features is used to compress the fixed and removable disks and increase the storage space in them.
17. Support virtual memory :
                                                 The setting of  virtual memory can be set to automatic or manual.
18. Filmstrip view : 
                                Filmstrip view helps you to view image files in a better and efficient way.
19. Object linking and embedding (OLE) :
                                                                        This features is used to embed and link a part of one program into other program.
20. Attachment manager :
                                            This features of XP automatically isolates the possible unsafe attachment during opening  process.        

VERSIONS OF WINDOWS ARE

VERSIONS OF WINDOWS :
1. Windows 1.0
2. Windows 2.0
3. Windows 3.1
4. Windows 3.11
5. Windows  NT 3.1 
6. Windows NT workstation 3.5
7. Windows 95
8. Windows NT workstation 0
9. Windows 98
10. Windows Millennium Edition (ME)
11. Windows 2000
12. Windows XP
13. Windows Vista
14. Windows 2007
15. Windows 2008
16. Windows 2010

BASICS OF WINDOWS

        Microsoft windows is the most popular operating system in the world. microsoft releases the first version of windows in 1983. Version 1.0 introduced the Graphical User Interface.
Windows XP, ("XP stands for eXPerience), was released on october 25,2001.
There are two editions of windows XP :
(a) Windows XP Professional :
                                                   It is designed for business desktop users. it enhances reliability,security,and performance of a desktop computer. it offers a fresh visual design, and advanced networking features. it contains wireless 802.1 support for mobile users.
(b) Windows XP Home Edition : 
                                                       It is designed for home based desktop users.If offers a clean, simplified visual design.Home edition offers enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced digital photo capabilities. 

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF GUI

Advantage of GUI :
1. User-Friendly.
2. Easy to learn and use.
3. Reduce development and learning time.
4. No typing errors.
5. No need to remember the exact syntax of the command to perform the desire task.
6. Consistency simplifier the learning of a new application. The user can learn a second                    application faster because he or she is familiar with the environment.
7. GUI is flexible i.e. the application provide multiple ways of performing the same function.
8. GUI have data exchange features such as Dynamic Data Exchange to transfer data to or              from spreadsheets,word procerrors, desktop publishing programs etc.
9. Final benefit of a GUI is that we can see the final product before we print it. WHAT YOU          SEE IS WHAT YOU GET (WYSIWYG) is a features essential to desktop publishing and           drawing applications.  
Disadvantage of GUI :
1. Expensive.
2. Need of pointing devices such as mouse.
3. Extra memory.
4. Screen refresh is slower.