Pitts India act of 1784

 Pitts India act of 1784

The features of act as follows :

1.It distinguished between the commercial and political function of the company.

2.It allowed the court of directors to manage the commercial affairs, but created a new body called Board     of control to manage the political affairs. thus, it established the system of double government.

3.It empowered the board of control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military                 government or revenues of the British possessions in India.

  

Amending act of 1781

Amending act of 1781

In a bid to rectify the defects of the regulating act of  1773 ,the British Parliament passed amending act of 1781, also known as the act of settlement.

The features of this act was follows:

1. It exempted the governor-general and the council from the jurisdiction of the supreme court for the acts     done by them in their  official capacity. similarly, it exempted the servants of the company from the             jurisdiction.

2. It excluded the revenue matters and the matters rising in the collection of revenue the jurisdiction of the     supreme court.

3. It provided that the supreme court was to have jurisdiction over all the inhabitants of Culcutta. It also       required the court to administer the personal  law of the defendants . Hindus were tried according to          Hindu law and Muslim were tried according to Mohammedan law.  

4. It laid down that the appeals from the provincial courts could be taken to the Governor-General-in -         Council and not to the supreme court.

5. It empowered the Governor-General-in-Council  to frame regulations for the provincial courts and            Acouncils. 

Regulating act of 1773

Regulating act of 1773

this act was of great constitutional importance as it was the first step taken by the British government to control and regulate affairs of the East India company in India. It recognised first time , the political and administrative function of the company; and it laid the foundation of  administration in India.

The features of this Act was as follows:

1. It designated the governor of Bengal as the "Governor General of Bengal" and created an executive            council of four members to assist him. The first such Governor General was Lord warren Hastings.

2. It made the governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies subordinate to governor general of Bengal,      unlike earlier, when the three presidencies were independent of one another.

3. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice          and three other judges.

4. It prohibited the servants of company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents of                bribes from the "native".

5. It strengthened the control of the British Government over the company by requiring the court of                directors to report on its revenue, civil and military affairs in India. 

The 5G era: boon or bane

The 5G era:    

                      Age of boundless connectivity and intelligent automation.

Introduction:

The next  generation of wireless connectivity is arrived.5G has the capacity to support a huge number of connections simultaneously while improving speed, latency, reliability and power consumption for handsets and internet of things devices. spectrum auctions are almost complete, the first 5G-ready smartphones have hit the market, and network deployment has begun around the world. currently, most 5G innovations involve the business-to-consumer(B2C) market, primarily because network operators are attempting to optimize operational costs and handset makers want to differentiate their products. more recently, many new opportunities have begun to open in the business-to-business (B2B) sphere.

As with transition from 3G to 4G, advanced electronics companies and industrial players are still uncertain about the benefits of new technology. Where is the value coming from, and who is going to capture it? What are the use cases where 5G performance enhancement will generate most value and demand? Many companies did not ask such question when 4G emerged and only achieved subpar returns. The danger exist that this scenario could repeat with 5G.

To provide greater clarity  on future value pools for advanced electronics companies and industrials, we investigated the 5G network market through 2030, looking at over 150 potential B2B and B2C use cases, including their potential growth and technological requirements. we concentrated on 5G cases related to IOT in the business sphere, rather than the more predictable market for consumer handsets, because companies are still uncertain about the B2B space-- both the areas for greatest value capture and the timeline over which 5G IOT application will gain traction within business. we also looked at the introduction of 4G and other technologies to understand how 5G might evolve and interviewed experts to understand market nuances.        

5G: A NETWORK OPPORTUNITY 

         5G is a more than just a generational step; it represent a fundamental transformation of the role that mobile technology plays in society. as demand for continuous connectivity grows, 5G is an opportunity to create an agile, purpose-built network tailored to the different needs of citizens and the economy.

THE 10 INSIGHT THAT WILL SHAPE THE 5G ERA

 1. Transform the broadband experience

       5G will transform the mobile broadband experience in early deployment and derive new intelligent automation use cases in later phases.

2. Deliver new technological capabilities 

     5G as a technology will evolve over time and leverage a variety of spectrum ranges, plus robust security, to support new use cases.

3. Unlock incremental enterprise opportunity

     Enterprise services and solution will drive 5G's incremental potential.

4. Provide boundless connectivity economically

    5G will start as an urban-focused technology and integrate with 4G to provide boundless connectivity for all.

5. Grow revenues by 2.5% CAGR

   5G will deliver revenue growth to mobile operator, with a 2.5% CAGR in the early 5G era.

6. Balance competition & collaboration for services

   Competition and collaboration between operator and other ecosystem players to provide service will intensify in the 5G era.

7. Embrace new models for infrastructure

    New model for infrastructure ownership, competition and partnership will be required for the 5G era.

8. Advocate for supportive regulation

    Regulation, licensing and spectrum policy will make or break the 5G opportunity.

9. Avoid technology & spectrum fragmentation

    The industry should strive to avoid spectrum and technology fragmentation for 5G.

10. Support required service as default

    Interoperable and interconnected IP communication services, including device-to-device, should be supported as default in the 5G era.                                                                                                        

1. A comprehensive view of the 5G value proposition 

    Players are intrigued by 5G because it immensely improves speed, latency, reliability, and power consumption while supporting while supporting more device connections. Although 5G does not yet provide optimal results for simultaneously because of because of current technological and infrastructure limitations, it will eventually become the technology of choice for critical communications that require extreme reliability and service quality, including those within industrial settings.

5G offers many advantage over other wireless technology

Archetypes of 5G IoT  use cases

 According to the 3rd generation partnership project, an organization that develops communications standards, 5G primarily delivers value by enhancing three application.

- Enhanced mobile broadband, which provides faster data rates across wide wide coverage areas to improve various functions, including ultra-HD video streaming.

- Ultra-reliable, low-latency communication, which increase the speed and quality of service in critical function, such as the control of robots and drones

- Massive machine-type communication, which involves the automatic generation, transmission, and processing of data among numerous machines with little to no human intervention.

5G IoT growth will occur in waves, with EMBB applications gaining traction first

2. Promising B2B 5G IoT use cases

   Every new technology brings obvious advantages. What's less clear is where it can deliver business value- and that is the case with 5G IoT. To help companies direct their investment to the right areas, we analyzed over 150 potential B2B and B2C  use cases that required either EMBB, URLLC, or MMTC. We also explored the the rationale for applying 5G to a use case. In some instances - what we refer to as distinctive use cases - 5G was a clear prerequisite or enable of better performance. For other use cases, however, 5G would not boost performance and was incorporated into devices so that they will be ready when connectivity standards inevitably move to 5G.

Companies will adopt 5G to enable new use cases or comply with future connectivity standards

 

For B2B, our analysis primarily uncovered 5G use cases in the following industry segments:

- Industry 4.0, including autonomous systems in factories.

- Smart cities, with application such as HD cameras to monitor safety

- Smart energy, such as smart grid control

- Connected offices , including sensor-based building management 

- Smart security, including provision of emergency services 

- Connected health, such as mobile medical monitoring 

3. The 5G IoT value proposition for industry 4.0

   Within factories and plants, the current connectivity options have several major drawbacks that make it difficult to implement industry 4.0 use cases. Wi-Fi networks often encounter interference, particularly in dense settings, and fixed connections are cumbersome and costly in large manufacturing environments. With the introduction of 5G, manufacturing companies will get a reliable alternative that enables the communication essential to many industry 4.0 applications, such as the wireless control that is especially critical for mobile tools, machines and robots.

   Distinctive 5G IoT use cases in industry 4.0

      When looking at distinctive use cases for industry 4.0, we found that manufacturing will drive most demand for  B2B 5G IoT units from 2021 through 2030. At that point, manufacturing will account for over half of all 5G sales for distinctive use cases. For all years from 2021 to 2030, 5G IoT demand will be more moderate for other distinctive use cases within industry 4.0, including those related to construction and mining, supply chain, and agriculture.

For distinctive B2B use cases, almost half of all 5G IoT sales will be linked to industry 4.0 applications

Some of the most compelling distinctive use cases within industrial manufacturing relate to the following innovations.

1. Automated guided vehicle 

2. 3-D bin picking

3. Real time process control

4. Augmented reality

5. Vision quality checks

6. Private-network opportunities

7. Independent networks 

8. Shared networks

9. Mobile virtual network operator network

10. Network slicing.

4. Opportunities for advanced electronics companies and industrials

  With demand for 5G IoT growing, we wanted to understand the market from the prospective of module and component suppliers. We therefore studied product demand, price trend, revenue pool and the best use cases.💀🐭

The 5G IoT module market

-- Standard modules. Used for classic 5G scenarios that require EMBB, such as ultra-HD video streaming.

-- Special-purpose modules. Designed for specific use cases that require URLLC, such as autonomous systems and mission critical control. Their price may be high, since they often must be designed for use in extreme temperatures or rugged conditions. Special purpose module also require additional R&D and are sold in lower quantities.

-- 5G LPWA modules. Used for long distance communication, such as transmission from sensors with low data rates. They will have an evolving and strong role in the growth of 5G IoT, since they help enable some MMTC applications.

The average selling price for 5G IoT module will decline and then stabilize, in line with historic price evolutions 

B2B revenues for 5G IoT modules will soar between 2022 and 2030

   Forecast B2B market, 5G IoT modules, 2022-30 

Distinctive use cases will only represent 25% of the total revenue with industry 4.0 having the largest contribution

   Forecast B2B market, 5G IoT modules, 2030

Revenue for module components will rise over time 

  B2B market for 5G IoT components

5. Strategic implications for advanced electronics companies and industrials

  As with previous wireless technologies, 5G will foster innovation, enable new use cases, and trigger widespread adoption until it becomes standard. Companies see the writing on the wall, and they are already preparing to incorporate 5G into their operations and product offering, even if they have no immediate need for it. But what is the best path forward?      

Advanced electronics players

Industrial automation players

Manufacturing players

For more information about 5G see this video

                                   

link of youtube video on 5G

STATISTICAL ENSEMBLES

ENSEMBLES : 
                          Ensembles is defined as the collection of large number of macroscopically identical but independent system. 
Here the term "macroscopic identical" means that each of the system constituting ensembles must satisfies the same macroscopic condition such as volume, pressure,energy,temperature of total number of particles.
 The term "independent system"means that the system are mutually non-interacting.

TYPE OF ENSEMBLES :
                                            1. The microcanonical ensembles 
                                            2. The canonical ensembles
                                            3. The grand canonical ensembles
1. MICRO CANONICAL ENSEMBLES : 

                                                                       It is defined as a collection of essentially independent system having the same energy E,volume V and number of particles N. All the individuals system of a microcanonical ensembles are separated by well insulated rigid walls. The values of V,E,and N for a particular system should not be affected at all by the presence of other system.Hence, energy and number of particles of system are constant.www.taakeducation.blogspot.com  

POSTULATES OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS

STATISTICAL PHYSICS IS BASED ON FOLLOWING POSTULATES :

1. Any gas is considered to be made up of molecules which are in continuous random motion         and these molecules behave like elastic spheres of extremely small size.
2. In phase space, all the cells are of small size.
3. In a macrostate, all accessible microstates are equally probable. This is called the postulate         of  equal a priori probability.
4. The equilibrium  state of a gas corresponds to the macrostate of maximum probability.
5. Total number of molecules in a system always remains constant.
6. Total energy of the system is always constant.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT FOR WINDOWS XP

The minimum hardware requirement for windows XP are :

FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP

Main features of windows XP are : 
1. Graphical user interface
2. 32-bit processing : 
                                   Windows XP offers a 32-bit processing operating system that is optimal for working with the internet.
3. Multitasking : 
                            It enable running multiple programs at a time.
4. Plug and play : 
                             Plug and play features allows automatic detection and configuration of an new hardware installed on the machine.
5. Networking capabilities :
                                              It has full featured networking capabilities.
6. Manage multiple users : 
                                             It can manage multiple users with different privileges on the same computer .
7. Multimedia support : 
                                        The windows media players included in windows XP enables you to play almost every type of multimedia file. It the best software for enjoying music,video and broadband.
8. Windows security center :
                                               Enables users to easily define and manage the security setting for the computer. 
9. File grouping :
                            The intelligent taskbar of windows XP automatically groups multiple windows of same application into one application group on taskbar. 
10. Adaptive user environment : 
                                                      The redesigned start menu displays the most commonly used items first.
11. Enhanced device driver verifier :
                                                             It tests the device drivers and if it passes certain level , it enables it to be installed.
12. Windows firewall : 
                                      Firewall protection saves your computers from virusus.
13. Remote desktop : 
                                   Remote desktop enables a user to work on the desktop of his office computer  while sitting on some other computer, through network.
14. Disk manager utility : 
                                           This features enables you to partition and format disks.
15. Disk compression utility :
                                                 This features relocates the contents of the disk to create free areas on disks and thereby reducing the memory wastage.
16. Disk compression utility : 
                                                 This features is used to compress the fixed and removable disks and increase the storage space in them.
17. Support virtual memory :
                                                 The setting of  virtual memory can be set to automatic or manual.
18. Filmstrip view : 
                                Filmstrip view helps you to view image files in a better and efficient way.
19. Object linking and embedding (OLE) :
                                                                        This features is used to embed and link a part of one program into other program.
20. Attachment manager :
                                            This features of XP automatically isolates the possible unsafe attachment during opening  process.        

VERSIONS OF WINDOWS ARE

VERSIONS OF WINDOWS :
1. Windows 1.0
2. Windows 2.0
3. Windows 3.1
4. Windows 3.11
5. Windows  NT 3.1 
6. Windows NT workstation 3.5
7. Windows 95
8. Windows NT workstation 0
9. Windows 98
10. Windows Millennium Edition (ME)
11. Windows 2000
12. Windows XP
13. Windows Vista
14. Windows 2007
15. Windows 2008
16. Windows 2010

BASICS OF WINDOWS

        Microsoft windows is the most popular operating system in the world. microsoft releases the first version of windows in 1983. Version 1.0 introduced the Graphical User Interface.
Windows XP, ("XP stands for eXPerience), was released on october 25,2001.
There are two editions of windows XP :
(a) Windows XP Professional :
                                                   It is designed for business desktop users. it enhances reliability,security,and performance of a desktop computer. it offers a fresh visual design, and advanced networking features. it contains wireless 802.1 support for mobile users.
(b) Windows XP Home Edition : 
                                                       It is designed for home based desktop users.If offers a clean, simplified visual design.Home edition offers enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced digital photo capabilities. 

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF GUI

Advantage of GUI :
1. User-Friendly.
2. Easy to learn and use.
3. Reduce development and learning time.
4. No typing errors.
5. No need to remember the exact syntax of the command to perform the desire task.
6. Consistency simplifier the learning of a new application. The user can learn a second                    application faster because he or she is familiar with the environment.
7. GUI is flexible i.e. the application provide multiple ways of performing the same function.
8. GUI have data exchange features such as Dynamic Data Exchange to transfer data to or              from spreadsheets,word procerrors, desktop publishing programs etc.
9. Final benefit of a GUI is that we can see the final product before we print it. WHAT YOU          SEE IS WHAT YOU GET (WYSIWYG) is a features essential to desktop publishing and           drawing applications.  
Disadvantage of GUI :
1. Expensive.
2. Need of pointing devices such as mouse.
3. Extra memory.
4. Screen refresh is slower.

INTERFACE

Definition : 
                   The medium through which you communicate with computer is called the user interface.

There era two types of user interface: 
1. Character User interface (CUI) :
                                                           character user interface uses a text to communicate with user.For example, DOS. In this type of interface, you have to type the command to perform the desire task. The user has to remember the exact syntax of the command.
2. Graphical User interface (GUI) :
                                                            A GUI is an application environment that can work with graphical objects.For example, Microsoft Windows. In this type of interface ,  the user select the pictures or icons available o n the desktop to perform his/her task.There is no need to remember the exact syntax of the command in GUI.

CHARACTERISTICS OR FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Functions of operating system :
1. Memory management
(a) It keeps track of primary memory i.e. what part of it are in use by whom,what part are not        in use etc.
(b) In multiprogramming , it decides which process will get memory when and how much.
(c) Allocates the memory when the process or program request it to do so.
(d) Declaims the memory when the process no longer needs it or has been transmitted.
2. Processor management
(a) Keep track of processor and status of process. program that does this is called traffic                    controller.
(b) In multiprogramming, it decides which process gets the processor when & how much time.          this function is called process scheduling.
(c) Allocate the processer (CPU) to a process.
(d) Deallocate processor when processor is no longer required.
3. Device Management
(a) Keep track of all devices. This is also typically called the I/O controller.
(b) Decides which process gets the device when & for how much time.
(c) Allocate the device in an efficient way.
(d) Dallocate devices.
4. File management
(a) It keeps track of information ,its location,uses,status etc. the collective facilities are often              known as file system.
(b) Decides who gets the resources.
(c) Allocates the resources.
(d) Deallocates the resources.
5. Security :
                   By means of passwords & similar other techniques, preventing unauthorized access to programs & data.
6. Control over system performance :
                                                               Recording delays between requests for a service & response from the system.
7. Job accounting :
                               Keeping track of time & resources used by various jobs and/or users.
8. Interaction with the operators :
                                                         the interaction takes place via the console of the computer in the form of instruction from the operator acknowledging the same, action thereon, as well as informing the operation by means of display screen of work & problem encountered.
9. Error detecting aids :
                                        production of dumps, traces, error messages and other debugging and error-detecting aids.
10. Coordination between other software and users :
                                                                                         Coordination and assignment of compilers,interpreters,assemblers and other softwares to the various users of the computer systems. 

OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system : 

                                An operating system is an integrated set of specialised programs that are used to manage over all resources of and operation of the computer. It is specialised software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software.

NOTE : 

             An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls and manages the overall resources of computer system.

Objective of operating system : 

1. Making a computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.

                                                                                                                        The operating system hides the details of the hardware resources from the user and provides the user with a convenient interface for using the computer system. It acts as an intermediatory between the hardware and its users and making it easier for the user to access and use other resources.

     The efficient operation of the computer system is particularly important for large, shared multiuser  systems. These systems are very expensive, so it is desirable to make them as efficient as possible.

2. Managing the resources of a computer system.

                                                                                   This objective involves performing such tasks as keeping track of who is using which resource , granting resource requests, accounting for resources usage and mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users. The efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and/or programs is a key goal of most operating system. 

   

ADVANTAGE OF AN ELECTRONIC WORKSHEET

Advantage of an electronic worksheet (spreadsheets) :
                                                                                           1. The results are accurate.
2. The worksheet can be quite big in size and any part of it can be  viewed or edited.
3. Data entered in a worksheet can be formatted in several ways.
4. Built-in-mathematically,trigonometric,financial and statistical functions. 
5. Data can also be viewed in the form of graphs.
6. The worksheet is saved in an electronic file. This file can be retrieved and modified later, if           required.
7. An existing worksheet or any part of it can be merged with any existing or new worksheet.
8. The information entered in a worksheet can be sorted in a desired format.
9. You can easily and quickly produce reports and get answers to 'what-if' questions. 
10. The information stored in a worksheet can be transformed to other software programs,              such as Word, WordStar, Foxpro, dBASE, etc.

APPLICATION OF SPREADSHEETS

APPLICATION OF SPREADSHEETS : 
                                                                     1. Annual reports of organisation. 
2. Income statement and income tax calculation.
3. Payrolls.
4. Invoicing.
5. Accounts payable and receivable.
6. Production and marketing analysis.
7. Investment and loan analysis .
8. Banking and other financial services.
9. Inventory control.
10. Scientific calculations.
11. Cost-effective analysis.
12. Budgets.
13. Home users to keep track of daily expense.
14. Hospitals use spreadsheets to keep the records of different patients.
15. Educational institutions are use spreadsheets to keep the records of different students. 

MICROSOFT EXCEL AND ITS FEATURE

Definition : 
                    microsoft excel is a spreadsheet software that allows to enter, analyze and manage our data. It provides built in feature and tools such as formulas, functions and data analysis tools to work quickly with large amount of data.

Features of MS excel : 
                                     1. microsoft excel contains workbooks, which store information in                     worksheets.
2. A worksheets consists of 16,384 columns and 10,48,576  rows.
3. Each cell of excel worksheet has a unique name . for example, A3 denoting column A and            row 3.
4. Offers compatibility with various RDBMS software like FoxPro and MS access.
5. Supports graphics and charts.
6. In MS excel, we can easily add,remove,rename,move or copy worksheets.
7. Provide many built in function to automate the work in quick, easy and effective manner.
8. Auto calculation : the data is automatically recalculated in the whole worksheets if any                change is made in a single cell.
9. Fast searching and instant replacing of data.
10. Allows to group and outline data.
11. Contains facilities like auto list, spelling and grammer check, find and replace etc. for      jhj        effective data entry.
12. Allows to sort data on one or more field.
13. Supports what - if analysis.
14. Allows you to link various worksheet in such a manner that the change in one worksheet            effect the result in the other.
15. Allows you to automate your work using macros.
16. MS excel has a powerful support for printing feature.
17. MS excel also has a support for drawing toolbar for drawing various objects.